Chacun s’interroge sur les effets de la séparation de couple sur l’enfant. Dans la mesure où il module les relations familiales après la séparation, le mode de garde semble être une variable centrale. Pour y voir plus clair, nous nous sommes intéressées à la période de la post-adoles-cence, qui voit le développement du second processus de séparation-individuation (Blos, 1967). Nous avons rencontré 29 jeunes femmes de 18 à 23 ans et analysé, par une série d’outils cliniques, la manière dont chaque (...) mode de garde a pu moduler l’individuation de ces sujets par rapport à leur famille. Chacun d’entre eux semble bien avoir un effet différent sur les dynamiques d’emprise et de dégagement propres à la post-adolescence, ainsi que sur la qualité des relations de l’enfant à son père et sa mère. (shrink)

Following the book Algebraic Set Theory from André Joyal and leke Moerdijk [8], we give a characterization of the initial ZF-algebra, for Heyting pretoposes equipped with a class of small maps. Then, an application is considered (the effective topos) to show how to recover an already known model (McCarty [9]).

Unfortunately, an incorrect corresponding author mentioned. Please find the correct corresponding author below.

The purpose of this paper is to show through the concrete example of epileptic seizure anticipation how neuro-dynamic analysis and “pheno-dynamic” analysis may guide and determine each other. We will show that this dynamic approach to epileptic seizure makes it possible to consolidate the foundations of a cognitive non pharmacological therapy of epilepsy. We will also show through this example how the neuro-phenomenological co-determination could shed new light on the difficult problem of the “gap” which separates subjective experience from neurophysiological (...) activity. (shrink)

The current research examines the emergent literature of Critical Data Studies, and particularly aligns with Michael and Lupton’s (2016) manifesto calling for researchers to study the Public Understanding of Big Data. The aim of this paper is to explore Irish stakeholders’ narratives on data sharing in agriculture, and the ways in which their attitudes towards different data sharing governance models reflect their understandings of data, the impact that data hold in their lives and in the farming sector, as well as (...) their preferences for how data should be governed within agriculture. Seven focus groups were held in 2019 with Irish stakeholders from a variety of backgrounds, including agri-researchers, those working in SMEs, and farmers of varying ages and sectors. The primary activities carried out during these focus groups centred upon asking participants to discuss four different data sharing governance models, and to work their way through a set of value cards relating to these models. Focus group results are studied using an inductive, data-driven form of thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke 2006). Five primary themes cross-cut these focus groups: 1) Desire for a data intermediary, 2) Reversing the value chain, 3) Categorisation of data, 4) The common good, and 5) Potential danger in data sharing. These themes are explored in the paper through a detailed discussion of the focus group results, in which the authors track the manifestation of these themes across focus groups, and the ways they sometimes morphed or changed depending upon the participating stakeholder group. (shrink)

Due to a simplistic interpretation of the Holly Scriptures, the Christian world has for a long time largely rejected the Darwinian theory. It was therefore, even in the twenties of the post century, difficult to reconcile the idea of the common origin of all species and a superficial reading of the Book of Genesis. In this context, two catholic priests who were also scientist - Teilhard de Chardin and Henry de Dorlodot - tried to reconcile their scientific adhesion to Darwin's (...) theory and their faith to God. They held o similar scientific opinion but by different ways. In fact, they gat iota two opposite situations due to the very different receptions given to their claim: Teilhard de Chardin, severely repressed, was sent to China in order to prevent the diffusion of his ideas whereas de Dorlodat's book was published and acclaimed. This was probably due to the use mode by the second of times of on essentially theological argumentation in order to present the underlining scientific theory. Teilhard de Chardin developed his argumentation trough a scientific analysis ending up in philosophical and religious conclusions. On the other hand, some believing scientists were able to find in the de Dorlodot's argumentation the theological support for their knowledge that they needed. (shrink)

In this commentary, we offer an additional function of rationalization. Namely, in certain social contexts, the proximal and ultimate function of beliefs and desires is social inclusion. In such contexts, rationalization often facilitates distortion of rather than approximation to truth. Understanding the role of social identity is not only timely and important, but also critical to fully understand the function of rationalization.

Neurophenomenology (Varela 1996) is not only philosophical but also empirical and experimental. Our purpose in this article is to illustrate concretely the efficiency of this approach in the field of neuroscience and, more precisely here, in epileptology. A number of recent observations have indicated that epileptic seizures do not arise suddenly simply as the effect of random fluctuations of brain activity, but require a process of pre-seizure changes that start long before. This has been reported at two different levels of (...) description: on the one hand, the epileptic patient often experiences some warning symptoms that precede seizures from several minutes to hours in the form of very specific lived events. On the other hand, the analyses of brain electrical activities have provided strong evidence that it is possible to detect a pre-seizure state in the neuronal dynamics several minutes before the electro-clinical onset of a seizure. We review here some of the ongoing work of our research group concerning seizure anticipation. In particular, we discuss experimental evidence of upward (local-to-global) formation of conscious experience and its neural substrate, but also of the downward (global-to-local) determination of local neuronal activity by situated conscious activity and its substrate large-scale neural assemblies. This causal role of conscious experience may lead to new kinds of therapy for epileptic patients. (shrink)

Despite enthusiastic claims around the benefits of corporate volunteering for the workplace and its widespread implementation, the impact of such programs for beneficiaries and non-profit organizations remains uncertain, particularly when employees’ participation is one-off. Previous research suggests that the benefits of CV for employees, businesses, and society are more likely to occur if employees internalize a volunteer identity—that is, if being a volunteer becomes a part of their self. This leads them to sustain their participation in CV over time, maximizing (...) CV’s positive effects on all stakeholders. This study explores the factors explaining why employees internalize a volunteer identity in a corporate context. We do so by empirically testing Grant’s :589-615, 2012) volunteer work design theoretical model with a sample of 619 employees involved in CV programs, and by comparing its relevance with an alternative, extended model relying on insights from self-determination theory. Whereas we find only partial and weak empirical support for the VWD model, our SDT-extended model is supported empirically. These results show that the quality of motivation that employees experience while volunteering plays a more important role than repeated participation, as it illuminates the process of how factors such as the quality of the projects, organizational support for CV, as well as the causes targeted affect the internalization of a volunteer identity. In particular, we show that employees are more likely to internalize a volunteer identity if they can choose what cause to engage for and if they feel that the projects they participate in are meaningful. Surprisingly, we also show that a prestigious cause as well as recognition and managerial support foster a controlled form of motivation for employees, which are then unlikely to internalize a volunteer identity. In doing so, we contribute to a better understanding of how CV can have lasting benefits for both business and society, and provide business leaders with actionable insights about how to design impactful CV programs. (shrink)

We present a set-theoretic model of the mental representation of classically quantified sentences (All P are Q, Some P are Q, Some P are not Q, and No P are Q). We take inclusion, exclusion, and their negations to be primitive concepts. It is shown that, although these sentences are known to have a diagrammatic expression (in the form of the Gergonne circles) which constitute a semantic representation, these concepts can also be expressed syntactically in the form of algebraic formulas. (...) It is hypothesized that the quantified sentences have an abstract underlying representation common to the formulas and their associated sets of diagrams (models). Nine predictions are derived (three semantic, two pragmatic, and four mixed) regarding people's assessment of how well each of the five diagrams expresses the meaning of each of the quantified sentences. The results from three experiments, using Gergonne's circles or an adaptation of Leibniz lines as external representations, are reported and shown to support the predictions. (shrink)

We present a set-theoretic model of the mental representation of classically quantified sentences (All P are Q, Some P are Q, Some P are not Q, and No P are Q). We take inclusion, exclusion, and their negations to be primitive concepts. We show that although these sentences are known to have a diagrammatic expres- sion (in the form of the Gergonne circles) that constitutes a semantic representation, these concepts can also be expressed syntactically in the form of algebraic formulas. (...) We hypothesized that the quantified sen- tences have an abstract underlying representation common to the formulas and their associated sets of dia- grams (models). We derived 9 predictions (3 semantic, 2 pragmatic, and 4 mixed) regarding people’s as- sessment of how well each of the 5 diagrams expresses the meaning of each of the quantified sentences. We report the results from 3 experiments using Gergonne’s (1817) circles or an adaptation of Leibniz (1903/ 1988) lines as external representations and show them to support the predictions. (shrink)

System-level change is crucial for solving society's most pressing problems. However, individual-level interventions may be useful for creating behavioral change before system-level change is in place and for increasing necessary public support for system-level solutions. Participating in individual-level solutions may increase support for system-level solutions – especially if the individual-level solutions are internalized as part of one's social identity.

Micro-phenomenology is an interview and analysis method for investigating subjective experience. As a research tool, it provides detailed descriptions of brief moments of any type of subjective experience and offers techniques for systematically comparing them. In this article, we use an auto-ethnographic approach to present and explore the method. The reader is invited to observe a dialogue between two authors that illustrates and comments on the planning, conducting and analysis of a pilot series of five micro-phenomenological interviews. All these interviews (...) asked experienced researchers of micro-phenomenology to browse their memories to identify one successful and one challenging instance of working with micro-phenomenology. The interview then focused on this reflective task to investigate whether applying the method to itself might reveal quality criteria. The article starts by presenting a shortened and edited version of the first of these interviews. Keeping the dialogue format, we then outline the micro-phenomenological analysis procedure by demonstrating its application to part of this data and corresponding passages of other interviews. We focus on one unexpected finding: interviewed researchers judge the quality of an interview in part based on a connection or contact between interviewer and interviewee. We discuss these results in the context of the means and intentions of the method and suggest avenues for future research. (shrink)

The aim of the social and behavioral sciences is to understand human behavior across a wide array of contexts. Our theories often make sweeping claims about human nature, assuming that our ancestors or offspring will be prone to the same biases and preferences. Yet we gloss over the fact that our research is often based in a single temporal context with a limited set of stimuli. Political and moral psychology are domains in which the context and stimuli are likely to (...) matter a great deal (Van Bavel, Mende-Siedlecki, Brady, & Reinero, 2016). In response to Yarkoni (see BBS issue), we delve into topics related to political and moral psychology that likely depend on features of the research. These topics include understanding differences between liberals and conservatives, when people are willing to sacrifice someone to save others, the behavior of political leaders, and the dynamics of intergroup conflict. (shrink)

_Elite Education – International Perspectives_ is the first book to systematically examine elite education in different parts of the world. Authors provide a historical analysis of the emergence of national elite education systems and consider how recent policy and economic developments are changing the configuration of elite trajectories and the social groups benefiting from these. Through country-level case studies, this book offers readers an in-depth account of elite education systems in the Anglophone world, in Europe and in the emerging financial (...) centres of Africa, Asia and Latin America. A series of commentaries highlight commonalities and differences between elite education systems, and offer insights into broader theoretical issues, with which educationalists, researchers and policy makers are engaging. With authors including Stephen J. Ball, Donald Broady, Rubén Gaztambide-Fernández, Heinz-Hermann Krüger, Maria Alice Nogueira, Julia Resnik and Agnès van Zanten, _t_he book offers a benchmark perspective on issues frequently glossed over in comparative education, including the processes by which powerful groups retain privilege and ‘elite’ status in rapidly changing societies. Elite Education – International Perspectives will appeal to policy makers and academics in the fields of education and sociology. Simultaneously it will be of special relevance to post-graduates enrolled on courses in the sociology of education, education policy, and education and international development. (shrink)

Non, l'invective et l'exégèse ne sont pas les seuls registres de la philosophie politique. Il n'est pas nécessaire, pour être pertinent, de se faire pamphlétaire, pas plus qu'il n'est requis, pour être respectable, de se muer en interprète. Il existe une autre manière de faire de la philosophie politique, qui répond aux interpellations du monde sans renoncer aux exigences de l'esprit. L'objectif premier de ce livre est de la montrer à l'œuvre. Pour atteindre cet objectif, Philippe Van Parijs présente ici (...) les références incontournables de la philosophie politique anglo-saxonne contemporaine, dont il est lui-même un des protagonistes. Il en situe les classiques, de Rawls et Nozick à Dworkin et Gauthier. Il en décrit les principaux courants de l'utilitarisme ordinal au marxisme analytique. Et il en explique les notions fondamentales, de la Pareto-optimalité au critère de non-envie, du maximum à la cluse lockéenne, du théorème d'impossibilité d'Arrow à la théorie de l'exploitation de Roemer. Mais surtout, il adopte lui-même la démarche pour laquelle il plaide. Il avance des thèses et en critique d'autres, élucide des controverses, résout des paradoxes, réfute des objections - tout cela en adoptant, face aux libertariens comme aux marxistes, aux libéraux comme aux communautariens, une attitude de sympathie critique qui permet le dialogue sans bannir les convictions. Au-delà d'une présentation dense, claire et compétente des théories contemporaines de la justice, ce livre constitue une initiation vivante et engagée à la pratique de la philosophie politique d'aujourd'hui. (shrink)

Découvrir le yoga pour agir en profondeur sur la santé et le mental Mal de dos, stress, nervosité? Pratiquez le yoga! A la fois maîtrise et abandon, le yoga a une influence bénéfique sur le quotidien. Ce livre précis et approfondi vous en apprendra la base, des techniques de respiration aux secrets de la souplesse. Grâce à des explications claires et de nombreuses photos des postures, vous découvrirez les bienfaits de vraies séances, dont l'ordre et la durée sont détaillés. En (...) vous débarrassant de ces maux du monde moderne, le yoga vous aidera à retrouver le calme et la sérénité, la joie et le dynamisme. (shrink)

La longue histoire de l’Acropole d’Athènes est une vitrine fascinante de la façon dont un patrimoine ancien peut être transformé, d’un sanctuaire païen à un sanctuaire chrétien, à une forteresse islamique, à l’autel symbolique de la Grèce moderne. De plus, ce site a suscité l’admiration presque religieuse des chercheurs et, comme dans le cas des marbres d’Elgin, a été contesté à de nombreux égards. L’auteur du volume analysé, William St Clair, un spécialiste des marbres d’Elgin et de divers a...

Ce petit livre est concis. Il l’est peut-être trop, mais il demeure clair et stimulant. Il est axé sur des questions de justice sociale que se posent des sociaux-démocrates perplexes. Il se divise en trois parties traitant chacune d’un problème différent. Ce compte rendu les traitera l’un après l’autre, mais ils sont liés dans la pratique. Philippe Van Parijs utilise les notions de maximin, de contrat social passé derrière un voile d’ignorance et de solidarité nationale, et il fonde une partie (...) de son argumentation sur ces notions. Il discute des mérites d’une solidarité élargie à la nation, mais non d’une solidarité qui irait au-delà, bien qu’il tienne compte, à plusieurs moments, du fait que la nation soit de plus en plus tributaire d’une économie mondiale. En introduction, il rend hommage à John Rawls et André Gorz, des maîtres «avec et contre» qui il a écrit ce livre. Il dit aussi vouloir établir des principes cohérents, provisoires sans doute, mais auxquels on puisse adhérer. Il réussit certainement à les tirer au clair et à favoriser leur problématisation. (shrink)

L'article qui précède fait suite à deux autres que nous avons publiés ici même l'an dernier¹. Nous résumons d'abord brièvemnet ceux-ci parce qu'ils fournissent à celui-là la perspective dans laquelle il convient de le lire. La valeur que peut avoir le roman pour le psychologue ne consiste pas uniquement dans la description de types psychologiques qu'il lui fournit, mais aussi et surtout en ce qu'il contribue à former et à enrichir son expérience personnelle. Expérience, non pas dans le sens technique (...) et étroit de ce mot, mais dans sa signification originellement humaine: une aptitude à pénétrer autrui, à le comprendre du dedans, cœur. La rencontre d'autrui donne lieu à une triple connaissance: connaissance discursive, connaissance par Einfühlung d'une existence humaine concrète, rencontre dans l'autre du Dasein humain en général. C'est l'union de ces trois qui constitue la connaissance par le cœur, connaissance qui ne peut s'apprendre d'une manière théorique et ne s'acquiert que par l'exercice. Elle est à la base de toute compréhension psychologique réelle. Le roman de valeur, bien qu'il soit un produit de l'« imagination », transcende l'existence concrète dans la direction de l'être et par une sorte de recréation nous fait entrevoir les fondements et les destinées de l'homme qui sont le fond et le cadre de son existence concrète. Comment le roman s'y prend-il ? Par delà l'innerweltliche être-avec de Heidegger, qui nous fait saisir l'autre intentionnellement comme un objet dans le monde du souci, Binswanger a montré la transcendence possible vers un « über die Welt hinaus sein » selon le mode de la « Wirheit ». Seule cette relation avec l'autre, haussée au plan de l'intemporel, peut être, à travers la connaissance discursive, la base d'approche pour une connaissance psychologique fondamentale. Or cette relation le roman de valeur la rend possible, parce que tout en étant à la fois une création technique et un commerce sur le mode du jeu, il transcende cependant ces deux formes fondamentales de l'existence quotidienne, par le fait que l'« imagination » de l'auteur projette l'existence comme la concrétisation de l'être-homme comme-tel, ou, si l'on veut, du Dasein. Il est une « poétisation » qui rend possible la rencontre de l'autre sur la base commune du Dasein comme « über-die-Welt-hinaus-sein ». Malgré la non-existence du monde sur-réaliste que le roman évoque, ce monde n'est cependant pas irréel. Il représente l'élaboration concrète de la connaissance vécue que prend l'auteur des possibilités de la réalité humaine par la réalisation de ces possibilités mêmes. C'est précisément parce que les situations que le roman nous décrit ne sont pas celles que la vie nous donne d'éprouver, ne sont pas des photographies, qu'elles provoquent un recul et nous donnent accès à une connaissance plus pure de l'essentiel. Et l'auteur est grand, lorsqu'il réussit à évoquer dans son oeuvre un climat qui rendra possible au lecteur de communier avec lui et de pénétrer jusqu'au fond de la réalité humaine. Le roman devient alors une source importante de cette Daseinserkenntnis dont Binswanger nous parle. Sous ce rapport les romans de Dostojewski dépassent tous les autres. Ils sont véritablement une école de formation psychologique. Ses personnages sont autant d'incarnations du problème de la signification de l'existence. Problème que l'on ne trouve nulle part exprimé explicitement, mais que l'on sent toujours présent comme l'arrière-fond sur lequel se déroule le jeu des questions et des réponses. Par sa foi en la fécondité de l'amour désintéressé, Dostojewski nous met en contact avec la source ontologique de l'amour et de la haine, de la bonté et du péché. C'est à cause de cela que la lecture de ses romans peut, en raison de leur élévation même, devenir comme un tourment. Elle provoque chez le lecteur une sorte de crise où il se voit confronté avec cet être fondamental qui est pour chacun le sien propre. En un sens, l'homme dans les romans de Dostojewski est toujours le « vieil homme », l'homme qui est seul avec son angoisse et sa culpabilité, dans un monde où la mort se dresse devant lui, mais avec dans le cœur une nostalgie de rédemption et de paix, pleine d'espérance. Dans les personnages de Dostojewski c'est notre propre Dasein que nous découvrons, dépouillé de ses contingences spatio-temporelles. Et c'est précisément parce que cette découverte est impossible dans le déroulement fugace et toujours inachevé de la vie journalière, que le roman nous oiffre ici une image plus pure de l'existence, de ses possibilités et de ses fondements. Sous la conduite de Dostojewski l'homme se découvre soi-même à travers la crise existentielle comme une liberté authentique qui transcende son « être naturel » et sa « structure psychique », et par ailleurs il y fait l'expérience de son angoisse et de son vertige en face de sa propre ifinitude et de sa mort. Mais en toute crise il y a aussi l'attente d'une rédemption, la liberté de «homme nouveau», qui se réalise par le choix de l'acceptation et par là transcende le monde de l'angoisse et du souci vers l'intimité du « Heimat ». Nul n'a réussi comme Dostojewski à esquisser une image aussi claire de la réalité humaine, et c'est pour cette raison qu'il faut considérer son œuvre comme une contribution fondamentale à la connaissance psychologique et à la formation du psychologue. L'article publié dans ce numéro veut illustrer les considérations qui précèdent par le cas typique d'Hippolyte dans L'idiot. Alors qu'il veut vivre, l'homme doit mourir. Mais qui rentre en soi-même peut se demander si, dans le fond caché de nous-mêmes, le contraire n'est pas tout aussi vrai. C'est l'un des problèmes que Dostojewski n'a cessé de reprendre dans ses romans. Hippolyte, le jeune tuberculeux qui se voit tout près de la mort, en est une très importante élaboration. Ce jeune homme à l'intelligence pénétrante, mais aigri et humilié, nous offre l'image de l'homme désemparé devant l'irréductible conflit de la mort et de la vie. Il devra mourir bientôt, lui qui aurait voulu vivre « grand ». Il ne peut accepter cette mort insensée à laquelle le livre cette maladie qui lentement l'épuisé. C'est contre cette mort « naturelle » inévitable — le mur qui fait face à son lit de malade et les terribles scorpions qui hantent son rève — que s'insurge sa liberté. Il en vient à décider qu'il se donnera la mort lui-même, afin que sa mort soit au moins un acte libre. Mais auparavant il fait à ses amis la lecture de sa confession, « l'explication nécessaire », sous la devise: « Après moi le déluge ». Ce doit être l'expression de ses convictions dernières, la preuve de l'unique liberté que la nature lui concède encore. Mais quand il décharge son arme, il apparaît qu'il avait oublié d'y mettre la balle. Mais Hippolyte n'était pas seul. Le prince Myschkin, homme naïf à l'âme d'enfant, a deviné ses luttes intérieures dès leur première rencontre. Il a essayé de montrer à Hippolyte la voie de l'abandon comfiant où il pourrait se libérer de son orgueil et de son ressentiment. Mais Hippolyte n'a pas voulu s'engager dans cette voie. Il voulait garder la vie, et c'est pour cela qu'il mourut d'une mort en quelque sorte impropre et insensée. Ce choix d'Hippolyte, le choix de la révolte et du désespoir, ne s'offre pas à l'analyse ou à l'étude comme un problème scientifique. Il ne peut être approfondi que dans la rencontre avec une existence qui s'est choisie elle-même telle. C'est le mérite de Dostojewski de nous avoir montré dans la figure d'Hippolyte qu'un homme n'apprend à se connaitre soi-même ou à connaitre autrui qu'en faisant quelque chose, et de nous l'avoir montré avec un tel respect pour le secret de l'ultime destinée de l'homme. (shrink)

Danto reageert op het essay van Jean Clair uit Nexus 27 en op zijn typering van de hedendaagse kunst als die van 'afschuw en walging'; Danto plaatst deze walging tegenover het begrip smaak. Hij gaat in op Clairs oordeel dat Duchamp meer dan wie ook het walgelijke in het hedendaagse artistieke repertoire binnenleidde.

A familiar part of debates about supererogatory actions concerns the role that cost should play. Two camps have emerged: one claiming that extreme cost is a necessary condition for when an action is supererogatory, while the other denies that it should be part of our definition of supererogation. In this paper, I propose an alternative position. I argue that it is comparative cost that is central to the supererogatory and that it is needed to explain a feature that all accounts (...) agree is central to the very notion of supererogation: optionality. Perhaps because of this agreement on its importance, few attempts have been made to clarify and explain the notion of optionality. I argue that giving an account of the optionality of supererogatory requires drawing a line between doing the bare minimum permissible and going beyond the bare minimum and that this line ought to be drawn based on comparative cost of alternative permissible acts. Having outlined my account and motivated it, I discuss and reject two concerns that might be raised: firstly, that it is extreme cost, not comparative cost, that matters and, secondly, that in fact no cost is needed for an act to be supererogatory. (shrink)

Keuze van artikelen uit het werk van de Vlaamse filosoof over wetenschap, milieu, en medische en biologische ethiek.

In this article we show how the Lacanian theory of the Imaginary , as elaborated in Lacan's earlier texts, is strongly influenced by the Hegelianism of Alexandre Kojève. In the first part we explain how Lacan is giving a fresh interpretation of Freud's theory of Narcissism by making use of the category of the Imaginary. The second part indicates how the Kojèvian interpretation of the dialectics of Self-consciousness serves as a paradigm for imaginary intersubjectivity. Imaginary intersubjectivity, however, leads to an (...) impasse since authentic recognition requires a symbolic context. That is why Lacan's theory of a fundamental desire for recognition is intrinsically linked up with his theory of the Symbolic. According to Lacan this aspect has been neglected by Hegel . Hegel did not see the importance of the symbolic order. This affirmation, however, implies a severe misinterpretation of Hegel's text. In the last part we elaborate the relation between the Imaginary and the Symbolic as a dialectical one. The Lacanian interpretation of Freud's theory, ' Hegelianizes' Freud. We illustrate this in reference to the Freudian concept of 'libido'. (shrink)

The Christian-democrat/socialist government Martens IV resigned at the end ofMarch 1981, because the socialist party could not agree with an urgency plan to reorganize the public finances. Mark Eyskens, Minister of Finance in that cabinet, put together a new government as soon as April 6 of the same year. He succeeded as Prime Minister while all the other resigning ministers remained in their function. Minister Robert Vandeputte, an extra-parlementarian and honorary governor of the Central Bank, became the new Minister of (...) Finance. Like the preceding governments, the Eyskens cabinet was strongly hampered by deep mistrust between the coalition partners, opposing views between the two communities of Belgium and by disagreements about the way to deal with the socio-economic crisis.The Eyskens cabinet was particularly confronted with the organization of the restructured steelmill Cockerill-Sambre and with the absolute low point of the economic crisis. The budget was strongly affected by the increasing unemployment benefits and the collapse of the fiscal revenues. Due to the continuing protest of the trade unions, Mark Eyskens did not succeed to adapt the automatic wage indexation in order to improve the competitive position ofthe Belgian enterprises. He did however manage to prevent the devaluation of the Belgian franc, which had come under pressure regularly on the financial markets.By the middle of September 1981 the Eyskens government fell as a result of disagreements between the coalition partners about the financing ofthe money loosing steelmill Cockerill-Sambre in Wallonia. Parliamentary elections were advanced to November 8, 1981. The Christiandemocrats lost a considerable number of seats. A Christian-democrat/liberal cabinet, again headed by Wilfried Martens, emerged by mid December. It would carry out a neoliberal policy. Mark Eyskens became the Minister of Economicaffairs in the new government. (shrink)

The necessity of reconsidering and rethinking the aesthetics of a literary genre is not a novelty. Now that the traditional distinction between argumentative theory patterns and narrative styles of thinking has blurred, the relationship between philosophy and literature raises a principal question: the definition of philosophy itself and of philosophical activity. Modern literature, and in particular the novel of the last century, embodies a polyphonic, complex cognitive enterprise which includes both original uses of language and sophisticated patterns of moral reflection. (...) Modern literature thus represents a new model of paradigmatic thinking for philosophical activity, and both philosophy and literature can be.. (shrink)

Ce livre cherche à mettre en évidence les liens qui existent entre l’émergence de l’État moderne et le statut de la mère entre 1603 et 1675. L’association entre la mère nourricière et la nation anglaise, célébrée dans Richard II de Shakespeare comme « cette nourrice, cette matrice féconde en princes royaux » perdure et s’infléchit au xviie siècle. À partir de minutieuses analyses textuelles, développées dans cinq chapitres et présentées dans une foisonnante introduction, Rachel Trubowitz mont...

According to the standards of public law, municipal polls have only a local scope : the election of a common council. Do politicians make deductions concerning the formal political power-constellation on national level either from the approach of municipal elections or from their results? Can these elections lead to changes in or of the government and eventually to anticipated legislative elections?After the first world-war, the electorate was called eight times to vote for new common councillors. Half of these elections had (...) no influence on the national power-constellation :they hardly stirred the national political life. In 1958 any possible influence of the municipal elections was even a priori ruled out. A remarkable point is that all municipal elections which took place undergovernments of national union, were only of local importance.Since the first world-war not a single municipal election has led to changes within the government : there was never a redistribution of ministerial portfolios amongst the coalitionpartners, nor did any electioncause the dismissal of an individual minister.It is traditional in Belgian politics that the national opposition, when the results of municipal elections are in its favour and prejudicial to the party in office, tries to call in question the legitimacy of the government in the opinion of the public by the way of motions or interpellations in parliament, claiming dismissal of the government or anticipated legislative elections. At these occasions it appeared unimportant whether the parliamental majority were confortable or not. But never did the governments give in to these attempts.The elections of 1857, 1884 and 1932 constitute an element of power - although of subsidiary importance - in the discharge of the then governments. The governmental crisis of 1884 however can only be explained if the constitutional position of Leopold II is taken into account. With all other factors alike, such a crisis wouldn't arise any more in the context of to-day. The municipal elections of 1932 have moreover led to anticipated legislative elections whose date was an element of power in the election-process. At that time, these elections played the part of an indicator of the electorial condition, comparable to that of the by elections in Great-Britain. And an unreliable indicator too, in view of the difference between national and local electionstatures. (shrink)

In communities of inquiry, dialogue is central as both the means and the outcome of collective inquiry. Indeed, features of dialogue—including formulating and asking questions, developing hypotheses and explanations, and offering and requesting reasons—are often highlighted as playing a significant role in the quality of the dialogue that unfolds. We inquire further into the quality of dialogue by arguing that dialogue should enable the expansion of epistemic openness, rather than its contraction, and that this is especially important in multicultural communities (...) of inquiry to acknowledge the cultural, perspectival, and experiential differences that exist alongside of similarities as resources for dialogue. The purpose of this article is to highlight two discourse practices that exemplify the nature of discourse as social practice and can be used in communities of inquiry. Attending to these discourse practices may enable teachers and students to reflect upon dialogue as it unfolds. First, we situate ourselves in multicultural classrooms in British Columbia, Canada. Then we articulate three principles of communities of inquiry. Next we describe and exemplify two discourse practices: heteroglossic attunement and lexical awareness. When attended to by teachers and students, 1) heteroglossic attunement enables teachers and students to begin to identify, reflect upon, and discuss the voices and perspectives that are drawn upon as participants inquire together and 2) lexical awareness enables teachers and students to begin to identify their attributions of thinking and feeling to social actors and to recognize how naming social actors positions them in an evolving set of social relations. Rather than a neutral medium of communication, social speech and dialogue is inherently value laden. Attending closely to the discourse that constitutes dialogue in a community of inquiry is a significant pedagogical tool for both teachers and students to expand epistemic openness and make visible learning as it unfolds. (shrink)